Category: Web design

When WordPress works… but only on your computer

You’ve just installed WordPress on a brand new domain. The backend works: plugins install, pages load, content saves, and everything seems just fine.

But when you try to open the site from a smartphone or another device, an error message appears. Something like this:

“The file wp-config.php already exists. If you need to reset any configuration in this file, delete it first. You can try to install now.“

Confused? You’re not alone. This was the issue faced on impresaindustria.it, and here’s what solved it.

The real issue: Aruba’s HiSpeed Cache

When using Aruba hosting, the platform activates something called HiSpeed Cache by default. This server-side caching can sometimes store a “stuck” or broken version of your website — especially after a fresh installation.

That means even though your WordPress dashboard works perfectly, the public-facing site may appear broken or display strange installation messages.

The fix: Clear server-side cache

Here’s how the issue was resolved in this real case:

1. Log in to your Aruba control panel
2. Navigate to HiSpeed Cache
3. Click “Cancella cache” (Clear Cache)
4. Refresh the site from another device

Problem solved. The site became immediately visible from all devices.

How to avoid it next time

After installing WordPress on Aruba, always clear the server cache before checking your site externally. Also, avoid relying only on your own browser – test your site from another network or device to make sure it’s accessible.

Dopstart can help

Having WordPress issues that don’t make sense? Dopstart offers a free initial consultation to help you diagnose and fix visibility and performance problems. From installation to SEO optimization, we’re your partner in the digital journey.

FAQ

1. Why can I only see my WordPress site from one device?
Because of server-side caching. Your computer may show a cached version, while others get an error due to outdated or broken cache.

2. What does the wp-config.php error mean?
It usually means WordPress was already installed. But if the site works in the admin panel, the error is likely caused by cache issues rather than file problems.

3. What is Aruba’s HiSpeed Cache?
It’s a server-side caching system designed to speed up site loading. However, it can sometimes interfere with new installations if not cleared.

4. How do I clear the Aruba cache?
Log in to the Aruba control panel, go to the HiSpeed Cache section, and click “Cancella cache”.

5. Do I need to delete wp-config.php manually?
Not necessarily. If the site works in admin, the problem likely lies in the cache. Try clearing it first before deleting files.

6. Is this a common problem with Aruba hosting?
Yes, especially for users unfamiliar with Aruba’s default caching settings. It’s easily fixable once you know where to look.

7. Does clearing the cache delete any data?
No, it simply refreshes the cached version of the site. All your content and settings remain untouched.

8. Should I always clear the cache after installing WordPress?
It’s highly recommended when using hosting with server-side caching like Aruba, to ensure everything displays correctly.

9. Can this issue happen with other providers too?
Yes, any hosting with aggressive caching systems (like Varnish or Cloudflare) can present similar issues if cache isn’t purged.

10. Can Dopstart help with other WordPress issues too?
Absolutely. We assist with installations, migrations, performance optimization, SEO, and long-term digital strategy.

In this article, we’ll explore what User Interface Design (UI Design) is, why it’s crucial to the success of a digital product, and how it differs from User Experience Design (UX Design). We’ll also look at the fundamental principles of creating intuitive, accessible, and aesthetically pleasing interfaces.

Table of Contents

• What is User Interface (UI) Design? (In-Depth with Examples)
  • Graphical User Interfaces (GUI)
  • Voice-Based Interfaces (VUI)
  • Gesture-Based Interfaces
  • The “Invisible” UI Concept
• UI vs UX Design: a Key Distinction
  • What is UX design?
  • What is UI design?
  • The car metaphor
  • They work hand in hand
• How to Design an Effective Interface
  • 1. Simplicity
  • 2. Consistency
  • 3. Accessibility
  • 4. Instant Feedback
  • 5. Visual Hierarchy
• The Power of Invisible Design
  • What is invisible design?
  • Real-world example: Domino’s Zero Click App
  • More examples of invisible design
  • How to create an invisible interface
• The Importance of Emotion in UI Design
  • Interfaces speak to emotion
  • Emotional design in action
  • How to design for emotion
  • Remember
• Responsive vs Adaptive Design
  • What is responsive design?
  • What is adaptive design?
  • Key differences
  • Best practices
• Responsive vs Adaptive Design
  • What is responsive design?
  • What is adaptive design?
  • Key differences
  • Best practices
• Why rely on Dopstart?
• Questions and Answers

What is User Interface (UI) Design? (In-Depth with Examples)

User Interface (UI) Design is the process of designing interfaces through which users interact with digital products—such as websites, apps, voice assistants, or augmented reality systems.

The core goal is to combine functionality and visual appeal, ensuring that the interaction is intuitive, efficient, and even delightful. Good UI design isn’t just about how things look—it’s about making sure people can use them easilyand without confusion.

Graphical User Interfaces (GUI)

GUIs are the most common type of user interfaces. They include everything the user sees and touches: buttons, icons, sliders, menus, forms, and layout structures.

Practical Example – E-commerce Website:
Think of Zalando. The UI is clean, with a simple menu, large product images, and clearly defined call-to-action buttons like “Add to Cart.” A well-designed UI helps reduce cart abandonment and ensures the user finds what they’re looking for in just a few taps or clicks.

Practical Example – Mobile App:
On Instagram, the UI puts the content front and center. Only a few, intuitive buttons guide the experience. The heart icon for liking a post is positioned right where your thumb naturally rests—a classic example of mobile-first UI design.

Voice-Based Interfaces (VUI)

VUIs let users interact using voice, often with no visible interface at all.

Practical Example – Smart Assistants:
When you say, “Hey Siri, turn on the lights in the kitchen,” the system interprets your command and responds. Even though there’s little to no visual feedback, the interface still exists—it’s in the way the system listens, processes, confirms, and acts. A great VUI design ensures the assistant understands natural speech and provides timely, accurate responses.

Gesture-Based Interfaces

These interfaces let users interact via body movement, common in virtual or augmented reality.

Practical Example – Meta Quest (Oculus VR):
In Meta’s virtual environment, you can grab, swipe, or throw virtual objects using your hands. Designing for this space requires thinking in 3D: gestures must feel natural, actions must provide feedback (like vibrations or visual cues), and the system must minimize motion fatigue. This is UI design without buttons, but it’s still design in every sense.

The “Invisible” UI Concept

A well-designed UI should almost disappear—not because it’s minimal, but because the user doesn’t have to think about how to use it. It just works.

Example – Domino’s Zero Click App:
Open the app, and your favorite pizza is ordered in seconds—no buttons, no forms. The interface is barely there, yet it delivers maximum usability by predicting what the user wants.

A strong UI Design:

• guides users without overwhelming them;
• anticipates user intent;
• reduces friction and cognitive load;
• reflects the brand’s identity visually;
• works seamlessly across devices (desktop, mobile, smartwatches, TVs, AR/VR platforms).

If you’re wondering whether your interface is doing its job, Dopstart offers a free first consultation to help you evaluate and redesign your site or app for better clarity, usability, and engagement.

Would you like to continue with a dedicated section about how to test and improve your UI or go deeper into tools like Figma and Material UI?

UI vs UX Design: a Key Distinction

UI and UX design are often used interchangeably, but they’re two distinct yet complementary disciplines essential in digital product design.

What is UX design?

UX stands for User Experience Design. It covers the entire journey a user goes through when using a digital product—how it feels, how easily goals are achieved, and how satisfied the user is.

A UX designer focuses on:

• mapping user needs through personas and user journeys;
• structuring flows and interactions;
• identifying friction points;
• running usability testing.

What is UI design?

UI stands for User Interface Design. It deals with the visual and interactive side of the experience—what users seeand touch.

A UI designer works on:

• color palettes, typography, spacing;
• buttons, icons, layout, and grids;
• interaction feedback (click, hover, swipe);
• maintaining visual consistency across the product.

The car metaphor

Think of a car:

• UX is the whole driving experience—from how comfortable the seat is, to how easy it is to park, to how safe you feel on the road.
• UI is the dashboard and controls—the steering wheel, pedals, gear stick, and how the interface communicates with you.

A beautiful interface without usability is like a sports car with no steering wheel. But even the best driving logic won’t work if the controls are clunky or confusing.

They work hand in hand

In any good design team:

• The UX designer defines the structure and strategy.
• The UI designer brings it to life visually.

Together, they shape a seamless, engaging, and useful product.

How to Design an Effective Interface

Designing a great user interface means balancing functionality, clarity, and aesthetic consistency. First, know your audience: What are their goals? Are they tech-savvy? Do they have any disabilities or special needs?

Here are the key principles:

1. Simplicity

Keep interfaces simple and focused. Every element must serve a purpose. Eliminate clutter and distractions.

Example:
A login form with only essentials.

<form>
<label for="email">Email</label>
<input type="email" id="email" placeholder="Enter your email">

<label for="password">Password</label>
<input type="password" id="password" placeholder="Enter your password">

<button type="submit">Log in</button>
</form>

2. Consistency

Maintain consistent styling throughout the interface: colors, typography, button styles, spacing.

Example:
Your call-to-action button should always look the same.

button.cta {
  background-color: #FF6600;
  color: white;
  font-size: 18px;
  padding: 12px 20px;
  border-radius: 8px;
}

3. Accessibility

Design for all users, including those with disabilities. Use proper contrast, semantic HTML, and keyboard support.

Example:
Accessible button with aria-label.

<button aria-label="Add to cart">
  <immagine carrello>
</button>

body {
  background-color: #fff;
  color: #111; /* Good contrast ratio */
}

4. Instant Feedback

Interfaces must respond immediately to user input—hover effects, loading animations, confirmation messages.

Example:
A button reacts when clicked.

button:active {
  transform: scale(0.98);
  background-color: #cc5200;
}

5. Visual Hierarchy

Use typography, spacing, and color to lead the eye and highlight the most important actions.

Example:
Hierarchy through font size and placement.

<h1>Discover Our Platform</h1>
<p class="subtitle">Faster, simpler, safer.</p>
<button class="cta">Get Started</button>

 {
  font-size: 32px;
  margin-bottom: 10px;
}
.subtitle {
  font-size: 18px;
  color: #666;
}

The Power of Invisible Design

One of the golden rules in User Interface Design is:

“Great design is invisible.”

An effective UI doesn’t draw attention to itself—it lets the user focus entirely on their task. When the interface becomes second nature, it disappears from the user’s awareness.

What is invisible design?

Invisible design is a philosophy that emphasizes effortless interaction. It reduces friction by making the interface intuitive, self-explanatory, and context-aware.

Users don’t need to learn how it works.
The system adapts to the user, not the other way around.
Every step feels natural, like second nature.

Real-world example: Domino’s Zero Click App

Domino’s Zero Click App is a brilliant real-life case.

Once set up, you just open the app and wait 10 seconds. Your default pizza gets ordered—automatically.

There are no visible interactions, no need to confirm or tap anything. That’s invisible UI: the app knows what you want and acts without asking.

More examples of invisible design

• Smart autocomplete in search engines: it predicts what you’ll type.
• Auto-save in Google Docs: you don’t even notice it saving, but it never loses a word.
• Swipe gestures in Gmail app: no explanation needed, just swipe to archive.

How to create an invisible interface

• Use familiar icons and patterns that don’t need explanation.
• Cut out unnecessary steps.
• Provide discreet feedback (e.g., subtle animations, gentle haptic feedback).
• Anticipate user needs with smart defaults and predictive actions.
• Maintain design consistency across platforms and screens.

The Importance of Emotion in UI Design

In User Interface Design, we often focus on functionality, usability, and performance. But there’s one element that truly defines user loyalty and satisfaction: emotion.

Interfaces speak to emotion

Every user interaction with a digital product triggers an emotional response. That emotion—positive or negative—sticks with your brand.

A joyful experience → keeps users coming back
A frustrating one → pushes them away

Design isn’t just about what works. It’s about how it makes people feel.

Emotional design in action

• Duolingo uses animations and encouraging phrases: “You’re a star!” → users smile and feel accomplished.
• Spotify suggests playlists like “Your 2024 Summer” → nostalgia and personal relevance.
• Airbnb shows warm photos with phrases like “Feel at home, anywhere” → comfort and trust.

How to design for emotion

• Use friendly microcopy instead of cold error codes (e.g., “Oops! Let’s try that again”).
• Add subtle animations or illustrations to humanize the interface.
• Choose colors and fonts that match your emotional tone (e.g., warm = friendly, dark blue = trust).
• Provide visual rewards for positive actions (e.g., confetti animation after completing a task).

Remember

Users forget what they clicked—but remember how they felt.

Designing for emotion is not decoration—it’s strategy.

Responsive vs Adaptive Design

In today’s digital landscape, users access websites and apps from phones, tablets, laptops, TVs, and even smartwatches. That’s why responsive and adaptive design are both essential.

What is responsive design?

Responsive design uses a single interface that flexibly adjusts to different screen sizes using CSS media queries, fluid grids, and scalable content.

Example:
An online store shows 4 items per row on desktop, 2 on tablet, and 1 on mobile. The HTML remains the same, but styles change according to the screen width.

.product {
  width: 25%;
}
@media (max-width: 768px) {
  .product {
    width: 50%;
  }
}
@media (max-width: 480px) {
  .product {
    width: 100%;
  }
}

What is adaptive design?

Adaptive design delivers distinct layouts based on the detected device or screen size.
It’s more device-specific, where the system loads different versions of the UI.

Example:
A travel booking app offers a complex desktop version and a simplified mobile version with touch-friendly buttons and linear navigation.

Key differences

Feature	Responsive Design	Adaptive Design
Technical approach	One flexible layout	Multiple tailored layouts
Screen adaptation	Fluid and dynamic	Predefined breakpoints
Development speed	Faster	More complex
Real-world example	WordPress websites	Airline or banking app

Best practices

• Design mobile-first, then scale up.
• Use relative units like em and %.
• Apply strategic breakpoints (480px, 768px, etc).
• Ensure buttons are tap-friendly.
• Test on real devices, not just emulators.

Responsive vs Adaptive Design

In today’s digital landscape, users access websites and apps from phones, tablets, laptops, TVs, and even smartwatches. That’s why responsive and adaptive design are both essential.

What is responsive design?

Responsive design uses a single interface that flexibly adjusts to different screen sizes using CSS media queries, fluid grids, and scalable content.

Example:
An online store shows 4 items per row on desktop, 2 on tablet, and 1 on mobile. The HTML remains the same, but styles change according to the screen width.

cssCopiaModifica.product {
  width: 25%;
}
@media (max-width: 768px) {
  .product {
    width: 50%;
  }
}
@media (max-width: 480px) {
  .product {
    width: 100%;
  }
}

What is adaptive design?

Adaptive design delivers distinct layouts based on the detected device or screen size.
It’s more device-specific, where the system loads different versions of the UI.

Example:
A travel booking app offers a complex desktop version and a simplified mobile version with touch-friendly buttons and linear navigation.

Key differences

Feature	Responsive Design	Adaptive Design
Technical approach	One flexible layout	Multiple tailored layouts
Screen adaptation	Fluid and dynamic	Predefined breakpoints
Development speed	Faster	More complex
Real-world example	WordPress websites	Airline or banking apps

Best practices

• Test on real devices, not just emulators.
• Design mobile-first, then scale up.
• Use relative units like em and %.
• Apply strategic breakpoints (480px, 768px, etc).
• Ensure buttons are tap-friendly.

Why rely on Dopstart?

Designing an interface that works is not improvisation. If you are developing an app or a website, Dopstart offers an initial free consultation to analyze your project, identify critical issues and build a winning UI strategy together. We accompany you in all phases, from the idea to the launch.

Questions and Answers

1. What is UI design? It is the design of the user interface for software, apps and digital devices.
2. What is the difference between UI and UX? UI is about the visual aspect and interaction, UX is the entire user experience.
3. Do you need to know how to code to do UI design? Not necessarily, but knowing HTML and CSS is a plus.
4. What tools does a UI designer use ? Figma, Sketch, Adobe XD, InVision, among others.
5. How much does a UI designer earn? In the US the average salary is over $75,000 a year.
6. Is UI design suitable for beginners? Yes, with practice and study you can start even as a self-taught.
7. What are the basic principles of UI design? Simplicity, consistency, accessibility, feedback and visual hierarchy.
8. How can I improve in UI design? Practice, study, get feedback and take specialized courses.
9. Are there any interfaces that are not graphical? Yes, voice and gestures are examples of non-graphical UIs.
10. What makes an interface effective? Being easy to use, intuitive and visually pleasing.

Accessibility is not a one-time goal—it’s a continuous process. It takes awareness, ongoing updates, and a shared commitment.
Dopstart supports you at every step: from the first audit to the final accessibility statement, offering a free initial consultation. Start today.

Digital accessibility is now a real responsibility for all organizations working online, whether public or private. It’s not just about legal compliance, but about the desire to deliver inclusive, barrier-free digital experiences. Whether you’re a designer, developer, communication manager, or business owner, knowing how to start making your website accessible is the first step toward building a fairer digital space for everyone.

In this article, you’ll find clear guidance on obligations, best practices, tools, and resources to help you start building a strong and compliant accessibility strategy.

Table of Contents

• What is digital accessibility and why it matters
  • Why does it matter?
  • Practical example 1: Alternative text for images
  • Practical example 2: Form labels
  • Practical example 3: Keyboard navigation
  • Practical example 4: Color contrast
• Italian regulations and AGID accessibility guidelines
  • The role of AGID
  • AGID Guidelines: technical requirements
    • The four WCAG principles:
  • Accessibility statement
  • Practical example: accessible PDF documents
• Accessibility for private companies: who must comply?
  • European Accessibility Act and Italian implementation
  • Who must comply?
  • What are the obligations?
  • Why is this important?
  • Practical example: accessible insurance platform
  • Penalties and enforcement
  • Get support with Dopstart
• The importance of accessibility in design
  • Accessible design is good design
  • Key elements of accessible design
  • AGID Design Guidelines
• Accessibility: legal obligation, but also opportunity
• How to make a website accessible
  • 1. Audit your current website
  • 2. Follow WCAG 2.1 AA
  • 3. Use semantic HTML
  • 4. Ensure keyboard navigation
  • 5. Make forms accessible
  • 6. Check downloadable documents
  • 7. Publish an accessibility statement
  • 8. Train your team and monitor continuously
• Need help? Dopstart is here for you
• Download your free checklist now!
• Digital accessibility FAQ
• Digital Accessibility – Comprehension Quiz

What is digital accessibility and why it matters

Digital accessibility refers to the ability of websites, apps, digital documents, and services to be usable by everyone, including people with permanent or temporary disabilities. It ensures that digital content can be perceived, understood, navigated, and interacted with by all users, regardless of physical or cognitive limitations.

Why does it matter?

1. Social inclusion: it ensures equal access to information and services.
2. Legal compliance: in Europe and Italy, it’s required by laws like the Stanca Law and EU directives.
3. SEO advantage: accessible sites are easier to crawl and index.
4. Better UX: a more accessible site benefits all users, including those without disabilities.

Practical example 1: Alternative text for images

Blind users rely on screen readers. Always provide meaningful alt text.

<img src="team-photo.jpg" alt="Team of Dopstart at work">

Practical example 2: Form labels

Form fields must be clearly labeled for accessibility.

<label for="name">Full Name</label>
<input type="text" id="name" name="name">

Practical example 3: Keyboard navigation

Ensure elements are keyboard-focusable. Use semantic elements or define roles properly.

<button onclick="submitForm()">Submit</button>

Or for custom buttons:

<div role="button" tabindex="0" onclick="openMenu()">Open Menu</div>

Practical example 4: Color contrast

Use a minimum 4.5:1 contrast ratio for body text as per WCAG recommendations.

Not accessible:

color: #bbb;
background-color: #eee;

Accessible:

color: #000;
background-color: #ffffff;


Italian regulations and AGID accessibility guidelines

The legal framework: The Stanca Law

Italy’s approach to digital accessibility is based on Law no. 4 of January 9, 2004, known as the Stanca Law. It requires all public sector websites and services to be accessible to people with disabilities.

Key principle:
“Everyone has the right to access digital public services, including persons with disabilities.”

The role of AGID

AGID (Agency for Digital Italy) is responsible for:

• defining accessibility guidelines;
• monitoring compliance of public websites;
• providing a standard accessibility statement;
• publishing annual reports and tools for assessment.

AGID Guidelines: technical requirements

The AGID Guidelines on accessibility are aligned with WCAG 2.1, and apply to:

• Public websites
• Mobile apps
• Digital documents (PDFs, Word files, etc.)

The four WCAG principles:

1. Perceivable
2. Operable
3. Understandable
4. Robust

Mandatory compliance in Italy: at least WCAG 2.1 level AA

Accessibility statement

All public entities must publish a digital accessibility statement which includes:

• their current compliance level;
• inaccessible content (if any);
• contact form for users to report issues;
• last update date.

Example: https://form.agid.gov.it

Practical example: accessible PDF documents

To comply with AGID, attached documents must be accessible. An accessible PDF must:

• contain selectable text, not scanned images;
• use semantic tags for structure;
• apply heading levels, lists, and paragraph hierarchy.

Use tools like Adobe Acrobat Pro, LibreOffice, or Microsoft Word Accessibility Checker.

Accessibility for private companies: who must comply?

Until recently, digital accessibility was mostly considered a responsibility of public administrations. But since 2022, private companies have also come under specific legal obligations.

European Accessibility Act and Italian implementation

Following the EU Directive 2019/882, Italy implemented this regulation via Legislative Decree 82/2022. It extends digital accessibility obligations to large private companies offering essential public services online.

Who must comply?

According to AGID’s Accessibility Guidelines for Private Entities, the following businesses are obligated:

• Companies with annual revenue above €500 million
• Companies offering essential services to the public via digital channels

Examples include:

• Banks
• Insurance companies
• Public and private transport services
• Utility providers (energy, water, gas)
• Telecom operators
• Private healthcare companies with online services

What are the obligations?

These companies must:

• Ensure their websites and apps comply with WCAG 2.1 AA
• Publish an accessibility statement
• Offer a channel for accessibility feedback
• Maintain and update their services to ensure ongoing compliance

Accessibility is now a legal requirement, not just a best practice.

Why is this important?

This marks a turning point: digital accessibility becomes a part of corporate legal compliance, like data protection or cybersecurity.

Accessibility also:

• Increases user inclusivity
• Enhances brand image
• Reduces legal risks
• Improves overall UX for all users

Practical example: accessible insurance platform

An insurance provider over the revenue threshold must ensure:

• Its customer portal is screen reader compatible
• All forms can be completed via keyboard
• Policy PDFs are properly tagged and accessible
• Customer support is inclusive (e.g., live chat, transcripts)

Penalties and enforcement

AGID and Italian regulators can perform audits and apply administrative sanctions for:

• Missing accessibility statements
• Severe or repeated non-compliance
• Ignored user complaints

Get support with Dopstart

If your business falls under these requirements—or you want to get ahead of the law—Dopstart offers a free consultation and full support in achieving technical and legal compliance.

The importance of accessibility in design

Digital accessibility starts with inclusive design. It’s not just about complying with WCAG standards through code—it’s about thinking accessibly from the first wireframe.

Accessible design is good design

Accessible interfaces:

• prevent usability barriers before they arise;
• improve the experience for all users;
• help meet legal compliance standards;
• enhance brand image and user trust.

Key elements of accessible design

1. Color contrast
Ensure text stands out clearly from its background.

CSS Example:

body {
  color: #000;
  background-color: #fff;
}


Aim for at least a 4.5:1 contrast ratio for body text.

2. Readable typography

Avoid small or overly stylized fonts. Stick to sans-serif fonts and ensure line height is adequate.

body {
  font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;
  font-size: 16px;
  line-height: 1.6;
}

3. Logical structure and keyboard navigation

Design with semantic HTML and ensure users can navigate using the keyboard alone.

<header>...</header>
<nav>...</nav>
<main>...</main>
<footer>...</footer>

4. Clickable and clearly labeled buttons

Make sure all clickable areas are large enough and have clear labels.

<a href="/contact" class="button">Contact Us</a>

cssCopiaModifica.button {
  padding: 0.75rem 1.5rem;
  font-size: 1rem;
}

5. Visual and textual feedback

Users should receive immediate feedback on their actions, including form errors or successful submissions.

<p role="alert">Email is required.</p>

AGID Design Guidelines

Italy’s AGID Design Guidelines for digital public services define:

• UX best practices and layout coherence.
• UI components and design patterns;
• Mobile-first and accessible-first principles;

Accessibility: legal obligation, but also opportunity

Thinking inclusively pays off. It improves the user experience for everyone, reduces drop-off rates, enhances SEO, and builds trust in your brand.

In an increasingly digital world, excluding 20% of the population means missing out, ethically and economically. Ensuring web accessibility is not just a compliance issue—it’s a strategic move.

How to make a website accessible

Making your website accessible isn’t a one-time task—it’s a continuous process of improvement. Whether building a new site or updating an existing one, digital accessibility starts with awareness, structure, and the right tools.

1. Audit your current website

Start by identifying existing barriers:

• low contrast or illegible text,
• missing semantic HTML,
• inaccessible forms,
• broken keyboard navigation.

Useful tools:

• WAVE
• Chrome Lighthouse
• axe DevTools

2. Follow WCAG 2.1 AA

Check your website against WCAG 2.1, targeting Level AA for legal compliance.

Example:

<img src="banner.jpg" alt="Team of Dopstart working together">

3. Use semantic HTML

Avoid generic <div> and <span> for structure. Use:

<header>, <nav>, <main>, <section>, <footer>

Example:

<main>
  <section>
    <h1>About Us</h1>
    <p>Welcome to our website...</p>
  </section>
</main>

4. Ensure keyboard navigation

Make sure all elements are focusable and usable with the keyboard (Tab, Enter, Arrow keys).

<div role="button" tabindex="0" onclick="toggleMenu()">Open menu</div>

5. Make forms accessible

Label every input field clearly:

<label for="email">Email address</label>
<input type="email" id="email" name="email" required>

6. Check downloadable documents

Make sure your PDFs and other documents are:

• text-based (not image scans),
• properly tagged,
• have logical headings and reading order.
• Use tools like Adobe Acrobat Pro, Word Accessibility Checker.

7. Publish an accessibility statement

If you’re a public organization or required by law, submit your accessibility statement on form.agid.gov.it.

8. Train your team and monitor continuously

Accessibility is a design culture. Educate your content creators, developers, and designers. Review accessibility regularly.

Need help? Dopstart is here for you

If your organization needs to improve its website’s web accessibility, Dopstart offers a free initial consultation. We support public and private entities through every step: audits, design, development, testing, and compliance verification with AGID accessibility guidelines. Get in touch to build a truly inclusive digital experience.

Download your free checklist now!

Ready to make your website more accessible and WCAG-compliant?
Download the Dopstart checklist, with all the key steps in Italian and English to start improving your site’s accessibility today.

Download the PDF checklist

Digital accessibility FAQ

1. What does digital accessibility mean?
The ability of websites, apps, and digital tools to be used by anyone, including those with disabilities.

2. What is the Stanca Law?
The Italian law that enforces digital accessibility for public sector websites.

3. Are private companies required to comply?
Yes, if they meet certain criteria and provide essential services digitally.

4. What are the WCAG levels?
Three levels: A, AA, AAA. Italian law requires level AA.

5. What is an accessibility statement?
A document outlining a site’s accessibility level and any non-compliant areas.

6. What is AGID’s role?
AGID sets the accessibility rules and monitors public website compliance.

7. How do you test a website for accessibility?
With automatic validators, manual checks, and assistive technology testing.

8. Is accessibility useful for everyone?
Absolutely—it benefits users with or without disabilities.

9. What’s the difference between accessibility and usability?
Accessibility is about inclusion; usability is about ease of use.

10. Can Dopstart help make my site accessible?
Yes, we provide full support, starting with a free consultation.

Digital Accessibility – Comprehension Quiz

1. What does “digital accessibility” mean?

The ability for everyone to access digital content
Using only mobile devices
Navigating with mouse and keyboard at once

2. What are the WCAG?

Web Content Accessibility Guidelines
A CMS platform
A programming language

3. What is the minimum required WCAG level in Italy?

WCAG Level A
WCAG Level AA
WCAG Level AAA

4. What is the Stanca Law?

The Italian law on digital accessibility
A tax regulation
A European cookie policy

5. What is the recommended minimum contrast ratio for text?

4.5:1
2:1
10:1

6. What is the purpose of the accessibility statement?

To communicate the accessibility level of the website
To declare cookies used
To show the website’s source code

7. What does the “alt” attribute in an image do?

Provides alternative text for screen readers
Adds CSS styling
Indicates an external link

8. Should PDF documents be accessible?

Yes, with text, structure, and semantic tags
No, as long as they are downloadable
Only if longer than 10 pages

9. Who must comply with AGID Guidelines?

Public administrations and certain private companies
Only e-commerce sites
No one, they’re optional

10. An accessible website should be:

Keyboard-navigable, readable and consistent
Only fast to load
Optimized for mobile only

Check result

Designing for usability means designing for people. Whether you’re creating an e-commerce platform or a municipal website, the goal is to make digital interaction easy, intuitive, and enjoyable. Dopstart offers expert support for businesses and institutions, from free initial consultation to the full design and testing of user-friendly digital platforms. Let’s create better web experiences—together.

The success of a website or platform heavily depends on how usable it is. Usability—or usabilityin English—is not just a technical detail; it’s a key principle that impacts the overall user experience, how easily content can be accessed, and whether users achieve their goals. In this article, we explore the definition of usability, the standards that regulate it, how it applies to web design, and why it matters especially in the context of public administration.

Table of contents

• What does usability mean? The ISO definition
  • What is usability?
  • ISO 9241-11 definition
  • Real-world example 1: online shopping site
  • Real-world example 2: registration form
  • Usability ≠ aesthetics
  • Key ISO references
• From cognitive ergonomics to web usability
  • The shift to digital systems
  • What is web usability?
  • Real-world example
  • From tools to experience
• Key features of a usable website
  • 1. Learnability
  • 2. Efficiency
  • 3. Memorability
  • 4. Error Tolerance
  • 5. Satisfaction
  • Other key aspects of web usability:
  • What happens when a site is NOT usable?
• Usability vs. Accessibility vs. User Experience
  • 1. Usability
  • 2. Accessibility
  • 3. User Experience (UX)
  • How do they relate?
• Usability testing: how it works
  • What do we evaluate?
  • Main usability testing approaches
    • 1. User testing
    • 2. Verbal feedback methods
    • 3. Expert review / heuristic evaluation
    • 4. Model-based evaluations
  • How to choose the right method?
  • Recommended tools
  • When to test?
• Usability in public administration
  • A digital right for citizens
  • Beyond design: usability as a public duty
  • Legal and policy references
  • Key usability principles for government websites
  • Practical example
  • Public bodies should also…
• How to build a usable website
  • Key design phases
    • 1. User analysis
    • 2. Wireframing and prototyping
    • 3. Clear information architecture
    • 4. Consistent and readable design
  • 5. Run usability tests early
  • 6. Write for humans
  • 7. Responsive and fast
  • 8. Accessibility means usability for all
• The benefits of usability
  • Benefits for users
  • Benefits for businesses and public bodies
  • Practical examples
• Download the checklist now!
• FAQ

What does usability mean? The ISO definition

What is usability?

Usability is defined as the degree to which a system is easy, efficient, and satisfying for users to interact with. It’s not just about visual appeal, but about how well the system supports user goals through clarity, consistency, and predictability.

ISO 9241-11 definition

According to the ISO 9241-11 standard, part of the broader ISO 9241 family on human-system interaction ergonomics, usability is:

“The extent to which a system, product or service can be used by specified users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction in a specified context of use.”

Let’s break down the three key terms:

• Effectiveness: whether users can complete their goals.
• Efficiency: how much effort, time, and resources it takes.
• Satisfaction: how pleasant and comfortable the experience feels.

Real-world example 1: online shopping site

• Low usability: users can’t find products easily, filters are confusing, and the checkout process takes too long.
• High usability: users find items quickly, navigation is intuitive, and the payment process is fast and seamless.

Real-world example 2: registration form

• Low usability: error messages appear only after submission, and password requirements are unclear.
• High usability: helpful hints guide the user, errors are highlighted immediately, and progress is smooth.

Usability ≠ aesthetics

A beautiful interface is not necessarily usable. If users struggle to find information or complete tasks, the design has failed, regardless of how it looks.

Key ISO references

Besides ISO 9241-11, these standards are also relevant:

• ISO/TR 16982: Guidelines for usability evaluation methods.
• ISO 9241-210: Human-centered design for interactive systems.
• ISO/IEC 25010: Software product quality model, where usability is one of 8 key attributes.

From cognitive ergonomics to web usability

The origins of usability

The idea of usability emerged from cognitive ergonomics, a field that studies the interaction between people and tools in order to optimize efficiency, safety, and comfort. Initially applied to industrial machinery, vehicle controls, and cockpit instruments, ergonomics evolved to include the human relationship with digital interfaces.

The shift to digital systems

In the 1980s, with the spread of personal computers, usability began to be applied to software interfaces. As non-expert users began interacting with complex systems, it became essential to create tools that were intuitive and easy to learn. This led to the evolution of software usability, which further transitioned into web usability with the rise of the internet in the 1990s.

What is web usability?

Web usability refers to designing websites and digital platforms that are:

• easy to navigate,
• logically structured,
• fast and responsive,
• usable by people with various levels of expertise or disabilities.

Real-world example

A government website built with traditional ergonomic principles might include lots of information but organized poorly, with technical terms and confusing navigation. A site built with web usability in mind would include:

• a simple, user-guided homepage,
• clear, accessible language,
• short, intuitive forms,
• an efficient internal search tool.

From tools to experience

This shift from physical product design to web usability marks a broader transformation: we now design not only tools but user experiences. The quality of the interaction has become just as important as the system’s functionality.

Key features of a usable website

A usable website is not just beautiful—it’s designed to be intuitive, efficient, consistent, and enjoyable for all users, regardless of their technical skills.

According to Jakob Nielsen, a website has good usability when it meets the following five key criteria:

1. Learnability

New users should be able to understand quickly how to use the site and navigate it.
Example: a homepage with visible menus and logical navigation paths.

2. Efficiency

Once learned, the site should allow users to complete tasks quickly and effectively.
Example: an e-commerce site that lets users purchase in just 3 clicks.

3. Memorability

Returning users should remember how to use the site without having to learn it again.
Example: a dashboard that maintains a consistent layout across sessions.

4. Error Tolerance

The system should prevent errors where possible, and help users recover easily from mistakes.
Example: a form that highlights errors and explains how to fix them.

5. Satisfaction

The site should feel pleasant and fluid, and align with user expectations.
Example: quick page loads, clear calls-to-action, and friendly microinteractions.

Other key aspects of web usability:

• Visual consistency: typography, icons, and layouts should follow a clear pattern.
• Clear information architecture: content must be organized around user goals.
• Mobile-first and responsive: the site should work seamlessly on mobile devices.
• Built-in accessibility: while not synonymous, usability and accessibility reinforce each other.

What happens when a site is NOT usable?

• The site fails to convert, even with high traffic.
• Users leave the site early (high bounce rate).
• Users make mistakes or feel frustrated.

Usability vs. Accessibility vs. User Experience

Three distinct yet connected concepts

When designing effective digital products, it’s common to confuse usability, accessibility, and user experience (UX). While closely related, these terms describe different aspects of how users interact with technology. Understanding the differences is essential for creating user-centered websites and apps.

1. Usability

Usability is about how easy, efficient, and satisfying it is for a user to complete a specific task using a system. It focuses on learnability, consistency, error prevention, and task efficiency.

Example: A medical booking site that allows users to choose a doctor and schedule an appointment in 4 simple, clear steps.

2. Accessibility

Accessibility refers to whether a product can be used by people with disabilities—visual, auditory, motor, cognitive, or temporary impairments. It includes screen reader compatibility, keyboard navigation, alt text, proper color contrast, etc.

Example: An e-commerce site that allows a blind person using a screen reader to browse, select, and purchase a product independently.

3. User Experience (UX)

User Experience (UX) is the overall impression a user has when interacting with a product—not only its functionality, but also its emotional and aesthetic impact. UX includes usability and accessibility, but also addresses design, tone of voice, trust, and brand identity.

Example: A banking app with a clean layout, smooth animations, friendly language, and a guided flow that makes the user feel in control and secure.

How do they relate?

• Accessibility is a baseline requirement: without it, some users are excluded.
• Usability focuses on making the system easy to use for everyone.
• UX is the complete experience, from first contact to post-use impression.

To summarize:
Accessibility = “Can I use it?”
Usability = “Is it easy to use?”
UX = “How do I feel about it?”

Usability testing: how it works

UWhy test usability?

A website or app may look perfect on paper, but only by observing real users in action can you verify if it’s truly usable. Usability testing is the key to discovering friction points, confusion, and areas for improvement.

What do we evaluate?

During usability testing, we examine:

• task completion time;
• user difficulties and confusion;
• errors and how users recover from them;
• user emotions (frustration, satisfaction);
• memory retention and navigation logic.

Main usability testing approaches

1. User testing

Real users are asked to perform tasks while being observed or recorded.
Methods:

• In person (lab or field);
• Remote (moderated or unmoderated).

Example: a 30-minute session with 5 users to test the mobile checkout experience.

2. Verbal feedback methods

Use tools like:

• structured interviews;
• satisfaction questionnaires (e.g., SUS – System Usability Scale);
• focus groups.

Example: users give opinions after using the site, pointing out confusing elements or moments of delight.

3. Expert review / heuristic evaluation

UX experts evaluate the interface using formal methods:

• Nielsen’s heuristics;
• Cognitive walkthroughs;
• Checklists based on ISO or WCAG standards.

Example: an expert audit highlights poor button visibility, unclear labels, or inconsistent navigation.

4. Model-based evaluations

Less common but useful during early design phases. Use computational models (e.g., GOMS, KLM) to simulate interactions.

Example: simulate the average time needed to complete a task on a prototype interface.

How to choose the right method?

Consider:

• Project stage (wireframe, prototype, live site);
• Available budget and time;
• User base size and type;
• Testing goals (discover bugs, improve navigation, boost conversion).

Often, a hybrid strategy—combining user testing with expert reviews—yields the best results.

Recommended tools

• Maze, UsabilityHub, Lookback, Hotjar – for remote testing and behavior tracking;
• Figma, InVision, Adobe XD – for interactive prototype testing;
• Google Forms, Typeform – to collect user feedback;
• Jira, Notion, Miro – for logging observations and planning UX updates.

When to test?

Usability testing should be:

• Ongoing – as part of continuous improvement.
• Early – during design with wireframes;
• Mid-phase – while development is ongoing;
• Final – just before launch;

Usability in public administration

A digital right for citizens

As public services become increasingly digital, usability in public sector websites is essential to uphold the citizen’s right to access and information. Poorly designed government portals don’t just cause inconvenience—they risk excluding people, increasing bureaucracy and eroding public trust.

Beyond design: usability as a public duty

Public institutions must not stop at “publishing online”: they must make services truly usable and user-oriented. Citizens using these services are often under stress or time pressure. If the interface is slow, confusing, or broken, the digital service fails its purpose.

Legal and policy references

While there is no law that regulates usability per se, several regulations recognize its importance:

• CAD (Digital Administration Code – Italian Legislative Decree 82/2005): mandates clarity, simplicity, and findability of public sites.
• Law 4/2004 (Stanca Act): ensures accessibility, and by extension, usability.
• Directive No. 8/2009 and AGID Guidelines: define that user needs must drive the design, and usability testing should be integrated into the process.

Key usability principles for government websites

According to AGID guidelines, a public site should be:

• Perceivable: clear commands and visible information;
• Understandable: simple language and intuitive layout;
• Operable: navigable even with assistive technologies;
• Consistent: predictable behavior across pages;
• Flexible: responsive and adaptable to user preferences;
• Secure: data protection and transparency in transactions;
• Error-tolerant: user support and prevention of mistakes;
• Pleasant: attractive design that engages users.

Practical example

Poor usability: a citizen wants to apply for a tax benefit, but the municipal website:

• lacks a search bar,
• only provides PDF forms without guidance,
• doesn’t function on mobile.

Good usability: the same service is available via:

• a visible CTA on the homepage,
• a multi-step online form with inline help,
• a chatbot or step-by-step tutorial.

Public bodies should also…

• run usability tests regularly with real users;
• collect feedback and listen to user reports;
• publicly share results and improvements made;
• involve stakeholders early in the design phase.

How to build a usable website

Design for users, not for yourself

One of the most common mistakes in web design is assuming the user thinks like the developer. A usable website is built around real user needs, digital habits, and cognitive limits. User-Centered Design (UCD) is not just a philosophy—it’s a concrete, structured approach.

Key design phases

1. User analysis

Define:

• who your users are (age, skills, goals);
• personas and user journeys;
• contexts of use (mobile, low bandwidth, etc.).

2. Wireframing and prototyping

Use tools like Figma or Adobe XD to design user flows and interface layouts before coding.

3. Clear information architecture

Structure the site around user logic:

• simple, meaningful menus;
• hierarchical navigation;
• breadcrumb trails;
• consistent URLs.

4. Consistent and readable design

The visual layer should enhance—not distract from—the content.

Example of a usable HTML/CSS form:

<form>
  <label for="email">Email address</label>
  <input type="email" id="email" name="email" required placeholder="you@example.com">
  
  <label for="password">Password</label>
  <input type="password" id="password" name="password" required minlength="8">
  
  <button type="submit">Submit</button>
</form>

input, label, button {
  display: block;
  margin-bottom: 12px;
  font-size: 1rem;
}

input:invalid {
  border: 1px solid red;
}

5. Run usability tests early

Test with real users before the site is live. Even testing with 5 users can uncover most major usability issues.

6. Write for humans

Usable websites use simple, direct, goal-oriented language.

Example:

• “Proceed with the operation”
• “Start your free quote now”

7. Responsive and fast

A usable website must work well on all devices and load quickly. Use:

• media queries;
• image compression;
• lazy loading;
• performance monitoring tools.

8. Accessibility means usability for all

Design with accessibility standards (WCAG) in mind: screen reader support, keyboard navigation, color contrast, and visible focus states.e website is one where content, interface, navigation, and visual design all work together seamlessly.

The benefits of usability

Why invest in usability?

Creating a usable website, app, or digital platform isn’t just about aesthetics—it’s a strategic decision. A usable system brings tangible benefits to users, businesses, and public services alike.

Benefits for users

1. Higher satisfaction
   Intuitive design leads to positive experiences and user loyalty.
2. Lower stress levels
   Clear interfaces reduce confusion and anxiety—especially for critical tasks (e.g., booking health appointments).
3. Time-saving
   A well-structured system helps users complete tasks faster.
4. Inclusive access
   Usable and accessible platforms welcome everyone, regardless of skills, age, or physical ability.

Benefits for businesses and public bodies

1. Improved staff productivity
   Efficient internal systems (like CRMs or portals) boost employee performance.
2. Higher conversion rates
   On e-commerce sites or landing pages, good usability increases purchases or leads.
3. Fewer user errors and support requests
   Clear systems mean less confusion, reducing the burden on help desks.
4. Less need for training
   An intuitive product teaches itself, reducing onboarding costs.
5. Better trust and brand image
   A usable site reflects professionalism and reliability—especially vital for public institutions.
6. Lower long-term development costs
   Usability-driven design avoids expensive post-launch fixes and redesigns.

Practical examples

• A local municipality adopts a simplified contact form, cutting average response times in half.
• A public health agency simplifies its booking portal, reducing helpline calls by 30%.
• An online shop redesigns its checkout flow and increases completed purchases by 20%.

Download the checklist now!

Want to make sure your website is truly usable, effective, and user-centered?
Download the Dopstart checklist and review all the key elements of web usability step by step.

FAQ

What is usability according to ISO 9241?
It’s the degree to which users can effectively, efficiently, and satisfactorily use a product in a given context.

What is the difference between usability and accessibility?
Accessibility addresses the needs of users with disabilities; usability ensures ease of use for everyone.

What makes a website usable?
Clarity, intuitive navigation, error tolerance, and user satisfaction are key indicators.

Who are the key experts on web usability?
Jacob Nielsen and Ben Shneiderman are two of the most influential figures in the field.

Why is usability important in public services?
It ensures fair and efficient access to digital services for all citizens.

How do you test a website’s usability?
Through real-user testing, expert reviews, interviews, and remote evaluations.

What are the benefits of improving usability?
Increased user satisfaction, fewer errors, better performance, and lower support costs.

Is usability only about design?
No, it also involves structure, content clarity, and how users interact with the system.

When should usability be assessed?
At every stage: design, development, and post-launch evaluations.

How can Dopstart help with usability?
We offer strategic and operational support, starting with a free consultation and guiding you through the entire usability process.

Would you like us to assess your website’s usability? Request your free consultation with Dopstart today.

We have received several reports of problems with the Godaddy domain connected to Blogger. In this article we will see how to solve the problems between domain with www and without www on Blogger and GoDaddy in a simple and definitive way.

Table of Contents

• Introduction
• How www and non-www work
• The Role of DNS Records
• Step-by-step solution on GoDaddy
  • 1. Access your domain’s DNS management on GoDaddy
  • 2. Add (or edit) A records for the “naked” domain ( tuosito.com)
  • 3. (Important) Redirect the naked domain to Blogger
  • 4. Wait for DNS propagation
  • In the end, what happens?
• The Importance of Redirecting on Blogger
• DNS Propagation and Wait Times
• Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Introduction

One of the most common problems for people connecting a custom domain to Blogger through a provider like GoDaddy is whether the site will work with and without www .

Often, in fact, you notice that the site opens perfectly with www , but that typing it without www shows a parking page, often from GoDaddy . In this article we analyze why this happens, how DNS configuration works and what you need to do to solve this annoying situation once and for all.

How www and non-www work

When you purchase a custom domain (e.g. yoursite.com ) and connect it to a platform like Blogger , it is important to know that www.yoursite.com and yoursite.com are considered two separate subdomains. The first is the so-called www subdomain , while the second is the naked domain . Both must be configured separately if you want them to lead to the same website.

Many users only set up the  www subdomain  on  Blogger , leaving the  domain bare  with no clear instructions on where to point. This is why, when visiting  yoursite.com , you are redirected to the typical parking page of  GoDaddy , the domain provider.

The Role of DNS Records

To fix this, you need to work on  your domain’s DNS records  , which are the settings that tell browsers where to go when someone types in a certain address. In particular, it’s critical to add the  correct A records  to make your  domain work without www .

Blogger uses four IP addresses to manage naked domains, which must be entered into the DNS panel of the provider (in this case,  GoDaddy ). If these IPs are not present, the naked domain has nowhere to go and relies on GoDaddy’s default setting, which parks it.

Step-by-step solution on GoDaddy

1. Access your domain’s DNS management on GoDaddy

• Go to https://godaddy.com
• Log in to your account
• Click on “My Domains”
• Select the domain in question
• Go to “DNS Management”

2. Add (or edit) A records for the “naked” domain ( tuosito.com)

You will need to add four A records with the Name = @ (which indicates the domain without www), and as Value/IP Address these:

Type	Name	Value (IP)
TO	@	216.239.32.21
TO	@	216.239.34.21
TO	@	216.239.36.21
TO	@	216.239.38.21

If there are others with Name  @, delete them before entering these 4 (e.g. the ones pointing to GoDaddy or other IPs).

3. (Important) Redirect the naked domain to Blogger

1. Go to Blogger
2. Open your blog > go to Settings > Publishing
3. Click on the custom domain section ( www.tuosito.com)
4. Activate the item:
   “Redirect yoursite.com to www.yoursite.com”

4. Wait for DNS propagation

It may take from  a few minutes up to a few hours (max 24h)  to see the effect.

In the end, what happens?

Visitor types tuosito.com
→ A records take him to Blogger
→ Blogger automatically redirects towww.tuosito.com

The Importance of Redirecting on Blogger

Once you have properly configured your DNS records, it is essential to go into your Blogger settings and enable automatic redirection from your bare domain to www . This option, available in the “Publishing” section, ensures that anyone who types yoursite.com is automatically sent to www.yoursite.com , thus ensuring a consistent user experience and also improving your SEO positioning.

Without this setting, even with the correct DNS records, Blogger will not know how to handle traffic going to the non-  www domain , causing errors or unpredictable behavior.

DNS Propagation and Wait Times

Once you have made all the changes, do not expect an immediate result.  DNS changes  take time to propagate across the Internet. Typically, it can take from a few minutes to 24 hours. It is normal for the site to continue to behave strangely in the meantime. The only thing to do is to be patient and check from time to time that everything is working as expected.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

1. Why does my site only work with www?
Because you have only the www subdomain configured in DNS and not the naked domain.

2. What does naked domain mean?
It is the domain without the www prefix, for example yoursite.com.

3. Where do I enter the A records for Blogger?
In your provider’s DNS panel, in this case GoDaddy.

4. What are Blogger’s A records?
216.239.32.21, 216.239.34.21, 216.239.36.21, and 216.239.38.21.

5. What happens if I don’t set up a naked domain?
The domain points to the GoDaddy parking page or shows an error.

6. Should I delete other existing A records?
Yes, if there are A records pointing to other IPs, they should be removed.

7. Do I need to set up redirects on Blogger?
Absolutely, to avoid duplicate content and SEO issues.

8. How long does it take for DNS changes to take effect?
​​Up to 24 hours, but usually a few hours is enough.

9. Do I need a separate SSL certificate for my naked domain?
No, Blogger handles this automatically once it’s configured correctly.

10. Can I just use the bare domain without www?
Technically yes, but with Blogger it is recommended to always use www.

Table of Contents

• What is Web Design
• History of Web Design
• Web Design Basics
• Design Principles
• Professional figures in web design
  • Web designer
  • Web developer
  • UX/UI designer
  • Content strategist
  • SEO specialist
  • Graphic designer
  • Project manager
  • Accessibility Specialist
• Career Opportunities and Job Market
• Questions and Answers

What is Web Design

What is Web Design? It is the art of combining creativity, technology and functionality to create websites that are aesthetically pleasing and easy to navigate. It deals with designing the visual appearance and interactivity of a site, while ensuring an optimal user experience.

This process includes a wide range of activities, from the arrangement of design elements such as colors, images and text, to structuring navigation and optimizing for search engines. Good design is not only beautiful to look at: it is also functional and intuitive.

Essentially, it is about designing and developing the visual appearance of a website, while ensuring an intuitive and engaging user experience.

Through the combination of visual graphic elements, logical structure and interactivity, web design transforms concepts and information into an accessible and attractive form for users.

A good web designer considers crucial aspects such as usability, visual clarity, intuitive navigation and adaptability to different platforms and devices.

This art requires mastery of technical tools such as HTML, CSS and JavaScript, but it goes beyond mere code: it includes the wise use of color, the arrangement of elements, the choice of images and the structure of visual communication to convey a clear and engaging message.

Web design is a constantly evolving sector, driven by technological innovation and new trends.

It is a discipline that allows designers to express their creativity, but it also requires a constant openness to change and experimentation to keep up with user needs and new technologies.

History of Web Design

The history of web design begins in the early 90s, with the birth of the World Wide Web. Initially, sites were very simple, consisting of text and a few images. With the introduction of technologies such as CSS and JavaScript, the first step towards a more dynamic design was taken.

Over time, design has evolved to adapt to the needs of an increasingly connected audience via mobile devices. Today, web design is not just about aesthetics, but also about user experience, with particular attention to white space, accessibility, and fluidity between desktop and mobile.

Web Design Basics

To understand what web design is, it is important to know its basic concepts:

• Usability: a site must be easy to use, with intuitive navigation.
• Responsive design: sites automatically adapt to any mobile device.
• Typography and colors: careful choice of fonts and a well-balanced color scheme improve the visual experience.
• White space: elements arranged with the right amount of breathing space for better readability.
• Accessibility: inclusive design for users with different abilities.

These concepts are the foundation for creating an effective and attractive website.

Design Principles

Design principles are the guidelines, the fundamental design elements that ensure the coherence and effectiveness of a web project. They include among others:

• Balance: balanced distribution of design elements.
• Contrast: differentiate elements to improve readability.
• Visual hierarchy: organize content to guide the user’s attention.
• Harmony: combine colors, shapes, and layouts in a cohesive way.

A good web designer follows these principles to ensure that each project has a positive impact both visually and functionally.

Professional figures in web design

The world of web design is full of professional figures who collaborate to create complete, functional and attractive websites. Each of these figures plays a specific role in the design and development process, and together they form the beating heart of a digital project.

Web designer

The web designer is the creative person responsible for the visual aspect of the website. This figure focuses on design elements, such as colors, typography, images and layout, with the goal of creating a visually attractive product that is in line with the client’s identity.

His main skills include:

• Knowledge of basic web design concepts, such as the use of white space and visual hierarchy.
• Proficiency with tools such as Adobe XD, Sketch, Figma, and Photoshop.
• Ability to work with HTML and CSS to create interactive prototypes or mockups.

The web designer must ensure that the site is responsive, that is, adaptable to any mobile device, maintaining a fluid and consistent user experience.

Web developer

The web developer translates the design created by the web designer into a functioning website, using one or more programming languages. There are two main categories of web developers:

• Frontend developer: he deals with the part visible to users, implementing layout, interactivity and navigation. He uses languages ​​such as HTML, CSS and JavaScript to bring the visual project to life.
• Backend developer: he works behind the scenes, managing the servers, databases and application logic that support the site. He uses languages ​​such as PHP, Python, Ruby or Node.js.

In some cases, a single person may perform both roles, a position known as a full-stack developer.

UX/UI designer

The UX/UI designer combines two fundamental skills:

• UX (User Experience): focuses on creating intuitive paths that facilitate navigation and ensure a pleasant experience. Analyzes user behavior to optimize the site structure.
• UI (User Interface): deals with the visual aspect and interface of the site, ensuring aesthetic consistency and intuitive functionality.

This figure works closely with the web designer and the web developer, proposing solutions based on research and tests with users.

Content strategist

The content strategist is the professional who plans and organizes the site’s content. His goal is to ensure that the texts, images and videos effectively communicate the brand’s message.

His responsibilities include:

• Create content optimized for user experience and search engines.
• Work with designers and developers to integrate content into site design.
• Plan long-term content strategies for websites and social networks.

SEO specialist

The SEO specialist is responsible for making the site visible in search results. This figure is essential to improve the position of the site in search engines through search engine optimization techniques.

Its activities include among others:

• Research of relevant keywords.
• Optimization of texts, images and metadata.
• Performance analysis and implementation of strategies to improve ranking.

Graphic designer

Although the graphic designer is not directly involved in the development of the site, his or her work is essential to create logos, illustrations, and other graphic elements that complete the visual appearance of the site.

This figure often collaborates with the web designer to ensure that all visual materials are consistent with the brand.

Project manager

The project manager coordinates the team and ensures that the project is completed on time and within budget. This figure acts as a bridge between the client and the work team, ensuring that the needs of the former are met.

Accessibility Specialist

With the rise of an inclusive web, many companies are employing accessibility specialists. These professionals ensure that sites are usable by users with different abilities, implementing techniques such as using alt text for images or optimizing for keyboard navigation.

Career Opportunities and Job Market

The world of work in web design offers numerous opportunities. Those who choose this career path can work as freelancers, in marketing agencies or in technology companies.

The job market is constantly evolving, with a growing demand for skills in user experience, search engine optimization and responsive design. A master’s degree in design or computer science, along with refresher courses, can help you enter this dynamic sector.

Questions and Answers

1. What is web design? Web design is the visual and functional design of websites, combining aesthetics and usability.
2. What is the history of web design? Web design was born in the 1990s and evolved from simple static pages to interactive experiences.
3. What are the principles of design? Principles include balance, contrast, visual hierarchy, harmony and white space.
4. What role does user experience play? User experience is central to web design, ensuring intuitive navigation and user satisfaction.
5. Who works in web design? The main roles are web designers, web developers and UX/UI designers.
6. What are the job opportunities? The market offers roles in agencies, technology companies and as freelancers.
7. How important is responsive design? It is essential to ensure that sites are accessible on any mobile device.
8. What is white space? It is the empty space between design elements, essential for readability and visual clarity.
9. What tools does a web designer use? Tools such as HTML, CSS, JavaScript and graphics software such as Adobe XD or Figma.
10. Do you need a degree to become a web designer? It is not mandatory, but a master’s degree or specific courses can help build solid skills.

Torna alla pagina principale del corso di web design

Table of Contents

• What are the elements of design
• Balancing
• Hierarchy
• Contrast
• Repetition
• Width
• Proximity
• Harmony
• Movement
• Q&A: Design Principles in Web Design

What are the elements of design

The fundamental elements of design (I call them “design principles”) are the cornerstone of every successful web design project. These principles, derived from traditional graphic design, are adapted to meet the needs of the digital world, offering a balance between aesthetics, functionality and user experience.

A website is not just a set of graphic elements, but a visual communication platform that must be intuitive, attractive and consistent.

The purpose of this article is to offer the future web developer who will deal with graphic design, the individual basic elements, the fundamental principles of design, so that he can apply them correctly in the creation of web products.

Applying the principles of design to web design is essential to create web pages that are not only aesthetically attractive, but also functional and intuitive.

Every designer can choose how to use these tools to improve visual communication, but must always do so keeping in mind the needs of the users and the objectives of the project.

Balancing

Visual balance refers to the even distribution of elements within a composition. Good balance ensures that visual weight is evenly distributed, creating a sense of stability.

Balance in design is essential to creating harmonious and balanced visual compositions. It involves distributing the visual weight of elements equally within a layout to ensure stability and coherence. There are two main types of balance:

1. Symmetrical balance: occurs when elements on either side of a central axis are equal in weight, shape, and size. This creates a sense of stable, formal balance. A common example of this type of balance is a composition with axial symmetry, such as a page divided in half with identical elements on either side.
2. Asymmetrical balance: in this case, the visual weight of the elements may be different, but the distribution is such that it creates a visual balance. Elements of different sizes or shapes can be positioned so as to balance the composition. This type of balance is often more dynamic and creative, offering flexibility and visual interest.

An effective balance can be achieved using several elements:

• Size: different sized elements can have different visual impacts. Larger elements can more easily balance out smaller elements.
• Color: darker or brighter colors can affect the visual weight of elements. A dark element can be balanced by multiple light elements, or vice versa.
• Position: the position of elements within the layout can affect the balance. For example, multiple elements toward the center of a layout might be balanced by elements toward the edges.
• Shape: geometric and organic shapes can affect the balance. An area filled with complex elements might be balanced by an area with simpler shapes.

Understanding and applying the principles of balance is essential to creating visually pleasing and functional layouts, ensuring that the user’s eye is guided in a balanced way through the composition.

Hierarchy

Hierarchy is the visual organization of elements based on their importance. Using size, color, and placement, you can create focal points and guide the user’s eye through content in a logical manner.

Hierarchy in design is the way visual elements are organized based on their importance to guide the viewer’s eye through a layout or composition. This principle is essential for communicating and prioritizing information clearly and effectively.

Here’s how it works:

1. Focal points: hierarchy designates a primary focal point or multiple secondary focal points within the composition. These points attract attention and guide the viewer through the desired sequence of information.
2. Size and position: larger or more prominently placed elements usually catch the eye first. This can be achieved through larger sizes, central positions, or at the beginning of a sequence.
3. Contrast: using contrast, whether through colors, shapes, or bold text, helps distinguish important elements from less important ones. Visual contrast emphasizes importance.
4. Logical organization: a clear hierarchy relies on a logical structure. For example, when dealing with text, the use of headings, subheadings, and paragraphs contribute to a comprehensible hierarchy.
5. Consistency: maintaining consistency in the design helps establish a hierarchy. If certain elements are used consistently to indicate importance (for example, a particular color for headings), this helps communicate the hierarchy.
6. Direction and flow: the use of directional lines, shapes, or elements can guide the eye through a sequence of elements, thus emphasizing hierarchy.

Creating an effective hierarchy is essential to guide attention and communicate the most important information to the user clearly and immediately. A well-structured hierarchy makes it easier to understand and navigate a design, improving the overall user experience.

Contrast

Contrast is the difference between elements, such as color, size, and shape. Good contrast makes elements stand out from each other, improving readability and visual interest.

Contrast in design is a visual principle that refers to the marked difference between elements within a composition. This difference can be evident through various attributes, including color, shape, size, and texture. Here’s how contrast can be used to emphasize elements and enhance your design:

1. Color contrast: using different colors or the difference between light and dark helps create strong contrast. For example, dark text on a light background provides good readability thanks to the contrast.
2. Shape contrast: elements with different shapes can create visual contrast. For example, a circular shape next to a rectangular shape creates a strong visual contrast.
3. Size contrast: elements of different sizes within a composition can create a strong visual impact. A larger object next to a smaller one draws attention.
4. Texture contrast: using different textures or patterns can create interesting visual contrast. For example, the difference between a smooth surface and a rough surface.
5. Brightness contrast: the difference in brightness or gloss between elements creates strong visual contrast. This can also be achieved through differences in opacity.

Contrast is essential because it emphasizes important elements and helps create visual interest within a design. It also contributes to readability and accessibility, making content clearer and easier to understand. However, it is important to use contrast in a balanced way; too much can make the design too confusing or difficult to interpret.

Repetition

Repetition of visual elements creates coherence and cohesion within a design. The consistent use of colors, shapes, or styles helps create a sense of continuity and visual identity.

Repetition in design is a visual principle that involves the consistent use of similar or identical visual elements within a composition. This principle contributes to the coherence, readability, and organization of the design. Here are some ways repetition can be used effectively:

1. Visual consistency: repeating elements such as colors, shapes, text styles, or patterns throughout a design creates a consistent, uniform look. This consistency makes it easier for users to recognize and interpret content.
2. Organization: repetition can be used to organize and structure content in a logical way. For example, repeating similar layouts for different sections of a website provides intuitive organization.
3. Visual guidance: repeating visual elements can guide the viewer’s eye through a sequence or page, providing a clear visual flow.
4. Unification: using repetition, you can unify different elements within your design, creating a sense of cohesion and belonging to the same visual context.
5. Recognizability and branding: in branding, repeating distinctive visual elements (such as a logo or a specific color) helps strengthen brand recognition.

La ripetizione, quando utilizzata in modo accurato, fornisce una base solida per il design, facilitando la comprensione e la navigazione all’interno di una composizione. Tuttavia, è importante bilanciare la ripetizione con la varietà per evitare la monotonia e mantenere l’interesse visivo degli utenti.

Width

Width refers to the space between elements. Effective space management helps guide the user’s eye, improve readability, and give a composition breathing room.

Width in design refers to the space between elements within a visual composition. It is crucial because it affects organization, balance, and the overall visual experience. Here’s how width can be used effectively:

1. Readability and clarity: spacing between text, content blocks, and visual elements promotes readability. Adequate space between words and paragraphs improves clarity and comprehension.
2. Balance and breathing: spacing helps create a sense of visual balance within a design. Careful use of negative space can provide a visual pause, allowing elements to breathe and be appreciated individually.
3. Organization and structure: space between visual elements helps organize a layout. Good use of spacing helps define the relationship between elements and create a clear visual structure.
4. Orientation and flow: space can guide the viewer’s eye through a composition. Direction and spacing can create a visual flow, indicating the sequence of content or hierarchy of elements.
5. Visual impact: strategic use of spacing can emphasize certain elements or areas of a design, making what is most relevant or important stand out.

It is important to find a balance in the use of width: too much space can cause dispersion or distraction, while too little can make the design crowded and difficult to interpret. Careful management of width contributes to a clear and organized visual presentation, improving the overall user experience.

Proximity

Visually related elements should be placed close together to communicate relationships and connections. This principle helps organize content clearly and intuitively.

Proximity in design is the principle that refers to the arrangement of visual elements in relation to one another. The organization of elements that are close together or related can greatly influence the appearance and understanding of the design. Here are some ways in which proximity can be used effectively:

1. Logical organization: grouping similar or related elements in close proximity to each other helps create a clear and logical visual structure within the design.
2. Communicating relationships: proximity can communicate relationships or connections. Elements placed close to each other suggest a visual or conceptual connection.
3. Simplification and clarity: organizing elements that are close together and related helps make the design easier to understand. This organization promotes clarity and ease of use.
4. Hierarchy and priority: placing more important or primary elements close to each other communicates their importance within the layout.
5. Readability: proximity affects readability. A text and its related headings, subheadings, or paragraphs, when placed close together, make it easier to read.

Using proximity effectively contributes to an organized and comprehensible visual presentation. It is a crucial element in guiding the viewer’s eye through the design, communicating relationships and logically structuring content.

Harmony

Harmony refers to the overall balance and coherence of a design. Creating visual harmony involves the careful use of colors, shapes, and placement for a cohesive and pleasing appearance.

Harmony in design is the result of a combination of visual elements that work together in a balanced way, creating a sense of unity, cohesion, and visual pleasure. Here’s how harmony can be achieved:

1. Visual consistency: using similar or related elements within a design. This can include colors, shapes, text styles, or patterns that work together harmoniously.
2. Balance: a good balance between visual elements, such as size, color, and space, contributes to harmony. An even distribution of visual weight throughout the design creates a sense of stability.
3. Continuity and repetition: using consistent repeating elements or visual patterns throughout the design. Continuity and repetition contribute to harmony by creating cohesion and flow.
4. Simplification: a design that is too complex can disrupt harmony. Simplifying details and focusing on essential elements can help create a more harmonious vision.
5. Balanced contrast: a well-balanced contrast between elements can add visual interest without compromising harmony. Too much contrast can disrupt the overall balance.

The goal is to create a pleasant and cohesive visual experience, where elements integrate without conflict and create a sense of unity. Harmony in design promotes readability, balance and understanding, contributing to a satisfying visual experience for the user.

Movement

While typically associated with interactive design, motion can be used to direct attention and add dynamism to a visual experience.

In design, motion refers to the feeling or illusion of action or dynamism within a static image or layout. While graphic design and web design are primarily static, they can create the illusion of motion through a variety of methods:

• Direction and lines: using directional lines and shapes can create a sense of motion. Slanted or curved lines suggest direction and dynamism.
• Perspective: using perspective can create a sense of depth and motion within an image. The illusion of objects moving away or toward each other adds dynamism.
• Animations and transitions (in Web Design): in web design, animations and transitions can convey the idea of ​​motion. Elements that move, change shape, or transform create a sense of dynamism.
• Patterns or repeating elements: using patterns or elements that repeat in a certain way can create the illusion of movement. A rhythmic organization can suggest action or motion.
• Color and brightness: using color can create a sense of movement. For example, gradual transitions from one color to another can give the illusion of change and movement.

While motion is often an illusion in visual design, it can impact the user experience by creating a sense of dynamism and engagement. It is important to balance motion to ensure that it does not distract the user or compromise the usability of the design.

Q&A: Design Principles in Web Design

• What are design principles in web design? Design principles in web design are rules that guide the creation of functional, aesthetic, and intuitive web pages.
• Why is balance important in design? Balance provides visual stability by distributing the weight of elements equally in a layout.
• How is contrast used in web design? Contrast emphasizes key elements, improving readability and visual interest.
• What role does white space play in a website? White space improves readability, highlights important elements, and makes the design cleaner.
• What is hierarchy in graphic design? Hierarchy organizes elements based on their importance, guiding the user’s attention.
• What is the importance of repetition in web design? Repetition creates consistency and strengthens the visual identity of a website.
• How do you achieve visual harmony in a design? Harmony is achieved by balancing colors, shapes, and spaces to create a cohesive composition.
• What role does proximity play in design? Proximity organizes related elements close together to improve clarity and accessibility.
• How does motion influence web design? Motion creates dynamism and guides the user through transitions and animations.
• What principles are essential for a good user experience? Balance, hierarchy, contrast, white space, and harmony are key to a great user experience.